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Geographical Locations - Egypt
 The WWW Virtual Library: Public Health
Categories
Country Information
- (Statistical) Number of Inhabitants per Doctor: 1,320
- CIA World Factbook : Egypt
Organisations and Networks
UN and Multinational
Government
Non-Government
- National NGOs Center for Population & Development
The National NGOs Center for Population & Development (NCPD) is a non-governmental, non-profit body. NCPD provides technical assistance to local NGOs through networking, capacity building, developing project proposals and Fund raising.
- USAID Egypt Program
Academic Institutions
- Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine
The Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University was opened in Abu Zaabal in 1827 as the school of Medicine.The original building in which the school of Medicine was located in El-Aini Palace built by Ibn El-Aini and named after him. In 1925 it became part of the University of Cairo , and was given the name of faculty of Medicine.
- New Kasr El Aini Teaching Hospital
The New Kasri El Aini Teaching Hospital is affiliated with the medical programme at the University of Cairo. The hospital aims to become a centre of excellence in health care provision and continuous medical education.
- Mansoura University - Faculty of Medicine
This site contains information about the Medical programme at Mansoura University, including a link to the Faculty's library.
- Tanta University - Faculty of Medicine
Tanta University is located in Tanta city, capital of Gharbia governorate, a distance of 90 km from Cairo. This site includes information about the university's programmes in Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy and Medicine.
National Policy and Related Documents
Reports, Guidelines, and Projects
- 10 Years After Introducing Mobile Clinics in Assuit, Egypt
"The study of mobile clinics described in this paper was conducted in rural areas of the Assuit Governorate [in Upper Egypt] in 2007. The Egyptian government launched its mobile clinic project 10 years earlier in an effort to strengthen its family planning program and to close the gaps in contraceptive use that existed among different population groups living in different parts of the country. The project has since tried to provide family planning and other basic health services to women living in remote rural areas that lie more than 3 kilometers from the nearest health unit… This study examines patterns of contraceptive use among rural women in Assuit Governorate and explores the underlying reasons that prevent women from visiting mobile clinics. The findings can help policymakers and health planners at the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population assess the overall costs and benefits of its mobile clinic project and develop programs to remove barriers that discourage women from using services offered by these clinics." [Population Reference Bureau, MENA Working Paper No.3, January 2009]
- Assessment of Asbestos in Drinking Water in Alexandria, Egypt
Over the past several years, the presence of fibrous asbestos particulates has been observed in a number of municipal water supplies throughout the USA, Canada, and several other regions all over the world. The possible health hazards which these fibers present have spurred a great deal of interest in the problems of detection and removal of the submicroscopic particulates in water. Asbestos is a group of fibrous metamorphic silicate minerals that is ubiquitous in the environment as a result of its extensive industrial use and the dissemination of fibers from natural sources. The health hazards associated with inhalation of asbestos in the occupational environment have long been recognized including asbestosis, bronchial carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, and possibly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and larynx. It is introduced into water by the dissolution of asbestos-containing minerals and ores, and from industrial effluents, atmospheric pollution and erosion of asbestos-cement (A/C) pipes in the distribution systems of drinking water. In Alexandria, most of the pipes in the distribution systems of drinking water are asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe system. Drinking water samples (1 liter each) were collected in glass containers from different regions in Alexandria and filtered in cellulose filters (mixed cellulose ester type filters of pore size 0.2 μm) within less than 48 hours. Filters were allowed to dry, gold plated and scanned microscopically. Asbestos fibers were detected in all water samples collected from regions having A/C pipe drainage system. No fibers detected in regions, where the pipe distribution system was poly venyl pipe system or changed from A/C pipe to cast iron pipe system. The determination of asbestos fibers in drinking water of Alexandria should have particular concern because of the health hazards that might be associated with their presence. [author abstract] [The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, Vol.81, No. 3& 4, 2006, pp.181-195]
- Associations between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda
Background: If effective interventions are to be used to address child mortality and malnutrition, then it is important that we understand the different pathways operating within the framework of child health. More attention needs to be given to understanding the contribution of social influences such as intimate partner violence (IPV). Aim: To investigate the relationship between maternal exposure to IPV and child mortality and malnutrition using data from five developing countries. Methods: Population data from Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda were analysed. Logistic regression analysis was used to generate odds ratios of the associations between several categories of maternal exposure to IPV since the age of 15 and three child outcomes: under-2-year-old (U2) mortality and moderate and severe stunting (<-2 Z-score height-for-age and <-3 Z-score height-for-age) in 6e59-month-old children. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, and the role of mediating factors was explored. Results: The prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV since the age of 15 years ranged from 15.5% (Honduras) to 46.2% (Kenya). For child stunting, prevalence ranged from 25.4% (Egypt) to 58.0% (Malawi) and for U2 mortality from 3.6% (Honduras) to 15.2% (Rwanda). In Kenya, maternal exposure to IPV was associated with higher U2 mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.42, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.71) and child stunting (adjusted OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.61). In Malawi and Honduras, marginal associations were observed between IPV and severe stunting and U2 mortality, respectively, with strength of associations varying by type of violence. Conclusion: The relationship between IPV and U2 mortality and stunting in Kenya, Honduras and Malawi suggests that, in these countries, IPV plays a role in child malnutrition and mortality. This contributes to a growing body of evidence that broader public health benefits may be incurred if efforts to address IPV are incorporated into a wider range of maternal and child health programmes; however, the authors highlight the need for more research that can establish temporality, use data collected on the basis of the study’s objectives, and further explore the causal framework of this relationship using more advanced statistical analysis. [author abstract] [J Epidemiol Community Health (2010), jech.2008.081810 - Published Online: 14 September 2010]
- Comparison of Health Care Financing Arrangements in Egypt and Cuba: Lessons for Health Reform in Egypt
Egypt and Cuba are both lower-middle income countries with a history of socialist rule and which have embarked on economic liberalisation since the 1990s. Health status in both countries is extremely different. While life expectancy of the Cuban population in all age-groups is similar to that of many high-income industrialised countries, health status in Egypt is relatively poor compared to countries with a similar national income and compared to regional comparators. Health care systems in both countries are also markedly different, although both share a socialist origin with centralised administration of funding and delivery, funding mainly from general taxation, and state-employed providers. In this article, health care financing mechanisms in both countries are analysed on their effectiveness, efficiency, and equity, with the objective of identifying the determinants of success in the Cuban health care system from which valuable lessons for current health reforms in Egypt may be derived. [author abstract] [Technische Universität Berlin, Discussion Paper 3, March 2004]
- Emergence of Tuberculous Meningitis in Egypt as an Important Public Health Problem during a Five-Year Surveillance (1998-2003)
Tuberculous meningitis, one of the most common chronic infections of the central nervous system, had emerged as a significant cause of meningitis in Egypt. In this study we assess the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, mortality and laboratory features of tuberculous meningitis in patients during the enhanced meningitis surveillance 1998-2003. Retrospectively, we reviewed the data of 134 irnmunocompetent patients with culture positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The overall case fatality rate for patients with tuberculous meningitis was 47%. It was significantly higher (p<0.00l), than that for all other causes of bacterial meningitis (21.3%). The median age of cases was 23 years. They were 49.6% males and 57.5% of cases occurred in patients>20 years of age. The characteristic cerebrospinal fluid findings, included moderately elevated leucocytes count (median: 175 mm-3), decreased glucose (median: 30 mg dL-1), elevated protein (median: 105 mg dL-1) and proportion of lymphocytes % (median: 30). Patients had long prodromal period > 5 days (65%) and low or moderate grade fever (= 38°C) was found in 70%. Tuberculous meningitis has emerged as a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in Egypt. Rapid diagnosis and earlier initiation of therapy is important to avoid the high risk of mortality or disabling neurologic sequelae. [author abstract] [International Journal of Tropical Medicine 2 (l): 16-20, 2007]
- Malnutrition among Pre-school Children in Alexandria, Egypt
The study was conducted in Alexandria, Egypt, to assess the current status of malnutrition among 1,217 pre-school children aged 6-71 months. A two-stage cluster-sampling technique was used for selecting the sample. Data on sociodemographic and environmental characteristics of the family, morbidity profiles, and breast-feeding patterns were collected from mothers of the children. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and the prevalence of malnutrition was assessed using three indicators, such as stunting, under-weight, and wasting, following the WHO guidelines and cut-off points. Simple and multiple regression analyses were done for examining the factors associated with the occurrence of malnutrition using principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation. Stunting, under-weight, and wasting were observed in 15%, 7.3%, and 3.6% of the children respectively. High-socioeconomic condition was associated with low prevalence of stunting and underweight (OR=O.67, confidence interval (CI)=O.55-0.8 and OR=0.75, CI=0.58-0.96 respectively). Good environmental condition was associated with a lower stunting rate (OR=0.83, CI=0.72-0.96). Increased age of child and living in a non-squatter area were associated with wasting (OR=1.02,CI=l.00l-l.03 and OR=0.38,CI=0.l5-0.97 respectively). Interventions to improve socioeconomic and environmental situations are recommended to reduce the already low level of protein-energy malnutrition further. [author abstract] [Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Dec 2001; 19(4): 275-280]
- Moving from Research to Program — The Egyptian Postabortion Care Initiative
"In settings where abortion is legally restricted and socially sanctioned, the medical treatment of women who have had unsafe or incomplete abortions is often a willfully neglected service. Research conducted in the 1990s brought attention to the low quality of care and inhumane treatment that many patients receive as a result of this neglect.1 The concept of postabortion care was central to this research, which highlighted three essential services for providers to offer women who seek care for an incomplete abortion: emergency medical treatment of complications, family planning counseling and services, and referral for other reproductive health care needs. By clearly positioning the problem within the health care domain — as opposed to religious, legal or social arenas — advocates of postabortion care have created a less-volatile atmosphere for research and program development… As it moved from inception to a national program, the Egyptian postabortion care initiative used a highly flexible, innovative management style that was consistent with contemporary theories of how to diffuse innovation and scale up pilot activities. During the pilot study and initial expansion, the program maintained a strictly defined sense of identity as a postabortion research activity, achieving rapid success and demonstrating promise that drew the attention of innovative managers and policymakers." [International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3, September 2003, pp.121-125]
- Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Yersinia Pestis
Serologic surveys in Egypt have documented human and animal exposure to vector-borne bacterial pathogens, but the presence and distribution of these agents in arthropods has not been determined. Between July 2002 and July 2003, fleas were collected from 221 mammals trapped in 17 cities throughout Egypt. A total of 987 fleas were collected, representing four species (Ctenocephalides felis, Echidnophaga gallinacea, Leptopsylla segnis, and Xenopsylla cheopis); 899 of these fleas were X. cheopis from rats (Rattus spp.). Fleas were tested for DNA from Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Yersinia pestis. Rickettsia typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was detected in X. cheopis and L. segnis from rats from nine cities. A spotted-fever group Rickettsia sp. similar to “RF2125” was detected in E. gallinacea, and two unidentified spotted fever group Rickettsia were detected in two X. cheopis. Novel Bartonella genotypes were detected in X. cheopis and L. segnis from three cities. Coxiella burnetii was detected in two fleas. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Y. pestis were not detected. [author abstract] [American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 75(1), 2006, pp. 41–48]
- The burden of trachoma in the rural Nile Delta of Egypt: a survey of Menofiya governorate
Background: Evidence of widespread distribution of trachoma in Egypt had not been clarified as previous surveys were limited to individual communities which may not have been representative of the general population. The Nile Delta of Egypt presents a unique environment for trachoma to persist. Economic improvements in the past decade have affected even the poorest rural environments; availability of electricity is now found in many rural communities. Availability of water in Nile Delta has always been good but poor hygienic conditions have been the primary factor in trachoma transmission. A survey of trachoma was undertaken in Menofiya governorate to determine if Egypt should be identified as trachoma endemic and targeted for trachoma control efforts. Methods: A multistage random cluster study design was used with the target population defined as adults aged 50 and over and children aged 2–6 years from throughout the governorate. Among preschool children only trachoma was graded while among adults presenting visual acuity and cause of vision loss or blindness were also recorded. Adults were interviewed regarding past trichiasis surgery; those currently with trichiasis or a history of trichiasis surgery were also interviewed regarding outcome of surgery. Results: A total of 3272 children aged 2–6 and 3322 adults age 50+ were enumerated. Among the children 81.3% were examined and among the adults 73.0% were examined. Active trachoma (follicles (TF) and/or intense inflammation (TI)) was found among 36.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 34.7–38.3%) of the children. TI was 1.89 (95% CI 1.22–2.94) times more common in rural children compared to urban children. The prevalence of trichiasis (TT) in adults was 6.5%; women had an age adjusted odds of trichiasis of 1.68 (95% CI 1.18–2.39) compared to men. Trichiasis was 2.11 times (95% CI 1.33– 3.37) more common in rural Menofiya compared to urban Menofiya. TT accounts for blindness (presenting vision <3/60) in 8% of patients and accounts for 13.2% of visual impairment. Overall, trichiasis surgical coverage was 34.4%, slightly higher among men than women. The outcome of trichiasis surgery was poor in 44.4% of cases. Conclusion: Trachoma is a serious public health problem in Menofiya governorate and a significant contributor to vision loss. These findings would suggest that continued poor hygienic conditions in rural Egypt have limited the reduction of active trachoma even in the face of significant improvements in socioeconomic status. Furthermore, the high proportion of trichiasis surgery cases with a poor outcome would indicate a need to reassess current surgical practices in Egypt and improve training and monitoring. [author abstract] [British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2001; 85: 1406–1410]
- UN International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was held from 5-13 September 1994
Educational Resources
Original website founded Lucien E. Schlosser and Eberhard Wenzel, 1997.
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