Geographical Locations - Europe

• General Links
• List of Individual Countries
• Invitation to join us

If you find a broken link or wish to suggest a new resource, please email us. Thanks for your kind support.

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General Links

The (statistical) number of inhabitants per doctor is given per country in its respective section.

• The average number for Europe (nb: not EU) is about 450 inhabitants / doctor.
  (Min.: Estonia, Italy: 210; Max.: Liechtenstein: 1,007)
• For Bosnia-Herzegovina (and Vatican City), no figures are available.

The WHO Headquarters are located in Geneva (Switzerland).

The WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO) is located in Copenhagen (Denmark), a list of EURO Member States can be found here.

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• Alcohol in Europe
  Alcohol in Europe is an analysis of the health, social and economic impact of alcohol in Europe. This report presents a synthesis of published reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and individual papers, as well as an analysis of data made available by the European Commission and the World Health Organization. The report views alcohol policy as serving the interests of public health and social well-being through its impact on health and social determinants. This is embedded in a public health framework, a process to“mobilize local, state, national and international resources to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy..."

• ASPHER - The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region

• Assuring the quality of health care in the European Union: A case for action
  "In the last few years, increasing awareness of variations in the quality of health care across geographic areas has helped propel a quality improvement movement. This book documents concerns with variations across European nations, analyses quality measurement, assurance, and improvement efforts in various European countries, and sets forth an agenda for ensuring that everyone has access to high-quality care regardless of where they live or travel." [From Karen Davis Commonwealth Fund, New York]

• Atlas of health in Europe, 2nd edition, 2008
  "This updated statistical atlas presents key health figures for the WHO European Region. They cover basic data on populations, births, deaths, life expectancy and diseases, lifestyle and environmental indicators, such as drinking, smoking and traffic accidents, and types and levels of health care. Each indicator is presented as a map to show overall regional variations, a bar chart to indicate country rankings and a time chart to show trends over time in three main country groupings. Using the WHO Regional Office for Europe’s unique ‘Health for All’ database, combined with the best alternative sources of data around the Region, this atlas offers the most comprehensive overview of health in Europe."

• Communicating research for evidence-based policymaking: A practical guide for researchers in socio-economic sciences and humanities
  "The social and economic challenges which we face require policymaking at all levels – regional, national and European – to move beyond traditional paradigms and create responses which offer sustainable solutions now and in the future. The European Economic Recovery Plan (1) and the EU 2020 strategy (2) create the broad policy context for this approach. ‘Smart’ investment, which focuses on the skills that are needed for the future, is seen as a major pillar of Europe’s strategy to respond to the challenges it faces. The research projects funded under the Framework Programmes can play a major role in giving shape to this approach. The Directorate-General for Research is supporting researchers and project coordinators in meeting these challenges. In wide-ranging discussions with policymakers and researchers it has explored how to best ensure dialogue between both areas. This dialogue is crucial if the policy messages provided by the research supported by the EU are to contribute to the development of the strategies and approaches necessitated by the realities we face. This guide is the most recent stage of this process of identifying needs and developing appropriate support. It builds on the work undertaken in our earlier publication ‘Scientific evidence for policymaking’ which identified the key priorities for deepening communication and strengthening the transfer of knowledge and experience between research and policymaking. This publication is designed to offer an easy-to-read guide which identifies the most important stages in the development of a dynamic communication strategy and which will ensure that the projects funded under the Framework Programmes make a real difference in enabling policymakers to respond to the significant challenges we face. Divided into three parts – Concept, Policy Briefs and Practical Means – this guide is intended to help exploit research concepts into genuine policy action." [publication summary] [Directorate-General for Research, Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2010 (EUR 24230 EN)]

• Economic costs of ill health in the European Region
  "Evidence on the economic costs of ill health (or, reversely, the benefits of good health) is essential in assessing the economic return on health investment. But understanding what those costs/benefits mean and how they should be measured is equally essential. Public policy discourse on the economic consequences/costs of ill health has been handicapped by considerable confusion about what the term means. Noting that without an a priori definition of the cost concept at issue no meaningful discourse can ensue, we address three economic concepts: 1. The broadest, most relevant concept is social welfare costs/benefits, which attempts to capture the value people place on better health; 2. The more limited but more tangible concept, micro and macroeconomic costs, looks at, for instance, the foregone earnings of individuals/households and the GDP losses countries incur, respectively, due to the ill health of a household member or the national population; and 3. The most limited but nevertheless widely applied cost concept looks at the additional health-care expenditures that may be associated with ill health."

• Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing: A method guide to the quantification of health effects of selected housing risks in the WHO European Region
  This guide describes how to estimate the disease burden caused by inadequate housing conditions for the WHO European Region as well as for subregional and national levels. It contributes to the WHO series of guides that describe how to estimate the burden of disease caused by environmental and occupational risk factors. An introductory volume to the series outlines the general methodology. In this context, the WHO Regional Office for Europe took up the challenge to quantify the health effects of inadequate housing and convened an international working group to quantify the health impacts of selected housing risk factors, applying the environmental burden of disease (EBD) approach. The guide outlines, using European data, the evidence linking housing conditions to health, and the methods for assessing housing impacts on population health. This is done for twelve housing risk factors in a practical step-by-step approach that can be adapted to local circumstances and knowledge. This guide also summarizes the recent evidence on the health implications of housing renewal, and provides a national example on assessing the economic implications of inadequate housing. The findings confirm that housing is a significant public health issue. However, to realize the large health potential associated with adequate, safe and healthy homes, joint action of health and non-health sectors is required. [publication abstract] [WHO European Region - 2011]

• European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

• European Health Report 2005: Public action for healthier children and populations
  This report, published by WHO's Regional Office for Europe "...offers an up-to-date map of health in the 52 countries in the WHO European Region.The analysis focuses particularly on the major determinants of health, particularly poverty and social inequalities. It calls attention to the widening health gaps between the countries of the Region and between the richer and poorer groups within countries. Today, a limited set of risk factors causes the bulk of the burden of disease. The report describes this burden and how the wider use of effective public health interventions can reduce it, spelling out some lessons learned and giving examples of successful interventions."
  
• Europe’s neglected infections of poverty
  Objectives: To review the prevalence, incidence, and geographic distribution of the major neglected infections of poverty in Europe as a basis for future policy recommendations. Methods: We reviewed the literature from 1999 to 2010 for neglected tropical diseases listed by PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (http://www.plosntds.org/static/scope.action) and the geographic regions and countries of (continental) Europe. Reference lists of identified articles and reviews were also hand searched, as were World Health Organization databases. Results: In Eastern Europe, the soil-transmitted helminth infections (especially ascariasis, trichuriasis, and toxocariasis), giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis remain endemic. High incidence rates of selected food-borne helminthiases including trichinellosis, opisthorchiasis, taeniasis, and echinococcosis also occur, while brucellosis and leptospirosis represent important bacterial zoonoses. Turmoil and economic collapse following the war in the Balkans, the fall of Communism, and Europe’s recent recession have helped to promote their high prevalence and incidence rates. In Southern Europe, vector-borne zoonoses have emerged, including leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, and key arboviral infections. Additional vulnerable populations include the Roma, orphans destined for international adoption, and some immigrant groups. Conclusions: Among the policy recommendations are increased efforts to determine the prevalence, incidence, and geographic distribution of Europe’s neglected infections, epidemiological studies to understand the ecology and mechanisms of disease transmission, and research and development for new control tools. [author abstract] [International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2011), doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.006]
  
• Eurothine - Tackling Health Inequalities In Europe: an integrated approach
  “The specific objectives are: 1) To develop health inequalities indicators, and to provide bench-marking data on inequalities in health and health determinants to participating countries; 2) To assess evidence on the effectiveness of policies and interventions to tackle the determinants of health inequalities, and to make recommendations on strategies for reducing health inequalities in participating countries; and 3) To disseminate the results, and to develop a proposal for a permanent European clearing house on tackling health inequalities. The integrated approach adopted represents a significant step forwards as compared to previous projects in this field: the quantitative analyses of health indicators (objective 1) will show what the main entry-points for tackling health inequalities in the participating countries are, while a wide range of evidence on effectiveness (objective 2) will provide guidance as to the policies and interventions that can help to address these entry-points.”

• EurasiaHealth Knowledge Network
  A project of the American International Health Alliance/AIHA, the EurasiaHealth Knowledge Network is an on-line clearinghouse featuring a library of multilingual health resources, databases, and interactive forums. This clearinghouse -- designed to serve as a repository for clinical practice guidelines, medical textbooks, and other educational materials that are available in the languages of the New Independent States (NIS) and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) -- provides users with access to information, tools, and training to enhance the knowledge of healthcare professionals in the region.

• Eurohealth
  "A joint publication of the Observatory and LSE Health and Social Care, eurohealth provides one of the primary platforms for policy-makers, academics and politicians to express their views on European health policy". Volumes are available for download in PDF.

• European Observatory on Health Systems and Policy
  "The Observatory is a partnership between the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the Governments of Belgium, Finland, Greece, Norway, Spain and Sweden, the Veneto Region of Italy, the European Investment Bank, the Open Society Institute, the World Bank, the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)". It supports and promotes evidence-based health policy-making through comprehensive and rigorous analysis of the dynamics of health care systems in Europe.

• European Portal for Action on Health Equity
  This Portal is a tool to promote health equity amongst different socio-economic groups in the European Union. The Portal includes information on policies and interventions to promote health equity within and between the countries of Europe, via the socio-economic determinants of health.

• European Public Health Alliance
  "An alliance of over 65 local, regional, national and European organisations that actively protect and promote the public health interests of all people living in Europe"

• European Public Health Association
  "An international, multidisciplinary scientific organisation, bringing together public health workers for professional exchange of information and collaboration throughout Europe. EUPHA was founded in 1992 and now has 21 members from 19 different countries"

• European report on preventing violence and knife crime among young people
  "Many young people die or experience pain and disability from violence throughout the WHO European Region. Interpersonal violence is the third leading cause of death and a leading cause of disability among people aged 10–29 years in the 53 countries of the WHO European Region. This report is intended for policy-makers and practitioners from across the sectors of government as well as nongovernmental organizations and argues that much violence can be prevented using a public health approach." [WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010]

• European Union (EU)
  - European Union - a comprehensive set of links to resources on the European Union
  - Europa - The European Union On-Line

• EUROPA Public Health Newsletters
  This site provides access to the following public health newsletters; Health and Consumer Voice, Consumer Voice 2001-2004, EU Public Health Information Network, EU Injury Prevention, EU European Network for Workplace Health Promotion, Eurordis (European Organisation for Rare Disease).

• Health at a Glance: Europe 2010
  "This first edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents a set of key indicators on health and health systems across 31 countries – the 27 European Union member states, three European Free Trade Association countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland), and Turkey. The selection of indicators is based on the European Community Health Indicators (ECHI) shortlist – a set of indicators used by the European Commission to guide the development of health information systems in Europe. In addition, the publication provides detailed information on health expenditure trends across countries, building on the OECD’s established expertise in this area." [OECD, 2010]

• Health Care Workforce in Europe: Learning from Experience
  "A trained and motivated workforce, with appropriate skills, a commitment to life-long learning and receiving adequate rewards is an essential prerequisite for high-performing health systems. Yet, for many countries the challenge of getting this right too often proves elusive. ...This volume is one of a series of books produced by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies attempting to address this issue."

• Health for all? A critical analysis of public health policies in eight European countries
  "Scientific experts from eight different countries to write about the public health policies in their respective countries with a special emphasis on the equity aspect. The countries chosen represented different parts of Europe: from the northern (Denmark, Finland Norway and Sweden) via the western (England and the Netherlands) to the southern parts (Italy and Spain)."

• Health systems, health and wealth – Assessing the case for investing in health systems (Summary)
  "The complex relationships between health systems, health and wealth are represented in a conceptual framework that features a dynamic interaction between health systems and health, health systems and wealth, and health and wealth. The model also shows that these three elements together impact on the central goal of societal well-being. Finally, it recognizes that the socioeconomic and political context is crucial in determining how all of these interact with each other ... The framework can help policy-makers to: systematically review how health systems produce health, impact on wealth creation and help to create societal well-being; marshal the evidence for discussions with other sectors; and make the case for investment in health systems." Also available in French, German and Russian.

• Health system snapshots: perspectives from six countries
  “We hear a lot about the soaring price of commodities such as oil and gas. The global energy crisis will not be resolved through further exploration for fossil fuels. Instead, that most precious of commodities, knowledge, can help find innovative ways of harnessing new sources of energy. Knowledge is also priceless for health policy. Intelligence on the state of health systems is vital, yet it can be difficult to keep up with the rapid pace of change. In this issue of Eurohealth [Vol 14, No 1 – 2008] we include snapshots on six countries. Originally commissioned and funded by the New York based Commonwealth Fund, and prepared in a common format, they provide an opportunity to reflect on approaches to efficiency and quality improvement.”

• Heat–health action plans
  "Climate change is leading to variations in weather patterns and an apparent increase in extreme weather events, including heat-waves. Recent heat-waves in Europe have led to a rise in related mortality but the adverse health effects of hot weather and heat-waves are largely preventable. Prevention requires a portfolio of actions at different levels, including meteorological early warning systems, timely public and medical advice, improvements to housing and urban planning and ensuring that health care and social systems are ready to act. These actions can be integrated into a defined heat–health action plan. This [WHO] guidance results from the EuroHEAT project on improving public health responses to extreme weather/heat-waves, co-funded by the European Commission. It explains the importance of the development of heat–health action plans, their characteristics and core elements, with examples from several European countries that have begun their implementation and evaluation."

• How health systems can address inequities in priority public health conditions: the example of tuberculosis
  "The literature and case study synthesis undertaken by the Network showed that social determinants shape the spread of TB at multiple levels. These determinants are differentially distributed, with the poor and socially excluded disproportionately exposed. Government policies, global economic trends and other structural factors shape poverty and the strength of health care systems. These in turn contribute to downstream factors, such as the prevalence of TB in the wider community, living conditions, tobacco use and prevalence of diseases of the poor that increase TB vulnerability. Downstream factors interact with biology to shape the likelihood of exposure to TB droplets and, when exposed and infected, the likelihood of developing active disease… Analysis of these social determinants has policy implications. Current strategies need to be reinvigorated and combined with new strategies to directly tackle known social determinants. This requires: (i) strengthening and improving the coverage of existing TB programmes to reduce TB morbidity and mortality; (ii) taking a social determinants of health approach to better prevent and address the consequences of TB, including risk factors that lie outside of the health system; and (iii) strengthening health systems, particularly through a primary health care approach. Operationalization of these three principles might include improving universal social protection systems, using targeting only for those who fall through the cracks of universal services, and enhanced availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of primary health care, TB and other services. Intersectoral action for health would also be required, entailing health impact assessments, providing examples of good practice to other sectors, supporting civil society groups to advocate for enhanced action by all on the social determinants of health and providing evidence regarding the relationship between health outcomes and social determinants." [WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010]

• Implementing health financing reform: Lessons from countries in transition
  "Since 1990, the social and economic policies of the transition countries of central and eastern Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia have diverged, including the way they have reformed the financing of their health systems. This book analyses this rich experience in a systematic way. It reviews the background to health financing systems and reform in these countries, starting with the legacy of the systems in the USSR and central and eastern Europe before 1990 and the consequences (particularly fiscal) of the transition for their organization and performance. Using in-depth country case experiences, chapters focus on how policies were implemented to change the mechanisms for revenue collection, pooling of funds, purchasing of services and the policy on benefit entitlements. Later chapters highlight particular reform topics: the financing of capital costs; the links between health financing reform and the wider public finance system; the financing of public health services and programmes; the role of voluntary health insurance; informal payments; and accountability in health financing institutions. From practical experience of implementing, advising or evaluating health financing policies in the region, the authors offer important lessons, as well as pitfalls to avoid in the reform process. This book is essential reading for health finance policy-makers, advisers and analysts in this region and beyond." [publisher summary] [World Health Organization WHO 2010, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies – Observatory Studies Series 21]

• JRC Joint Research Centre
  "The Joint Research Centre is a research based policy support organisation and an integral part of the European Commission. We are a Directorate General, providing the scientific advice and technical know-how to support EU policies"

• Levelling up (part I): A Discussion paper on concepts and principles for tackling social inequality in health
  Social inequalities in health are the major focus of this WHO Europe paper. The evidence points to the existence of extensive (and widening) social inequities in health in Europe today. The need to take action to reduce these inequities and their root causes is becoming ever more pressing as a major public health challenge. This calls for a new way of thinking about the direction of policy and also calls for renewed vigilance in monitoring impacts, to make sure that no segment of the population is excluded or loses out.
• Levelling up (part II): a discussion paper on European strategies for tackling social inequities in health
  "The purpose of the present report is to stimulate and facilitate the development of evidence-based strategies for reducing social inequities in health. The focus of the report is on the main determinants of social inequities in health, which differ typically from the main determinants of health for the population as a whole. The report pays special attention to policies and actions that either reduce or increase inequities in health, because the power balance between these forces determines the possibilities and constraints of achieving equity oriented health targets."

• Migrants in an irregular situation: access to healthcare in 10 European Union member states “This report looks at the law and practice concerning access to healthcare for migrants in an irregular situation in 10 EU Member States, namely Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain and Sweden. European healthcare systems are struggling to balance considerations relating to costs and public health in a manner which adequately implements existing human rights standards. While all those residing in a country should have access to certain basic forms of healthcare – such as emergency healthcare and the possibility to see a doctor in case of serious illness or a gynaecologist in case of pregnancy – in practice such access is not always guaranteed… The report also looks at four specific issues — namely maternal healthcare, child healthcare, in particular immunisations, mental healthcare and care for chronic diseases — providing an overview for the 10 EU Member States covered. The situation is diverse with, at times, obstacles in accessing the most basic services, such as immunisation for children or antenatal care for pregnant women. Access to mental healthcare is limited for migrants in an irregular situation.” [European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) - 11 October, 2011]

• Migration and health: a dynamic challenge for Europe
  "Patterns of migration in Europe are evolving dynamically. This is not just as a result of the expansion of the EU and the growing phenomena of internal EU migration; it also has reflected the demand for both skilled and unskilled labour from outside the EU, economic migration and the arrival of displaced individuals from areas of conflict, persecution and/or natural disaster. Yet only a minority of countries in the EU provide the same access to health care services for all migrants as for the resident population. Regardless of their legal status, migrants can be at particular risk of poor physical and mental health; they may be isolated after arrival in their host country or be unaware of any entitlement to use publicly funded health care services. Even where available, services may not be suitable to the needs of many migrant groups. Most of the articles in this issue of Eurohealth are based on presentations given at the EU-level consultation on Migration Health – Better Health for All, which took place on 24–25th September 2009 in Lisbon, under the auspices of the Office of the Portuguese High Commissioner for Health and the Portuguese Ministry of Health and organized by the International Organization for Migration-managed project ‘Assisting Migrants and Communities (AMAC): Analysis of Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities’.” [EuroHealth, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2010]

• Policies and practices for mental health in Europe: Meeting the challenges
  "[This] report by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, co-funded by the European Commission… provides data not hitherto available on mental health policy and practice across the WHO European Region. It also highlights important information gaps. Policies and Practices for Mental Heath in Europe allows for country-to-country comparisons on indicators such as numbers of psychiatrists, financing, community services, training of workforce, prescription of antidepressants, and representation of users and carers.…The data were obtained from the ministries of health of 42 European Member States. Over 150 figures and tables in the report demonstrate the diversity across the European Region, and allow country to country comparisons of indicators such as numbers of psychiatrists, financing, community services, training of the workforce, the prescription of anti-depressants and representation of users and carers."

• Quality in and Equality of Access to Healthcare Services
  "This study reviews barriers of access to health care that persist in EU countries and presents an analysis of what policies countries have adopted to mitigate these barriers. It has a focus on the situation of migrants, older people with functional limitations, and people with mental disorders. What are the barriers to accessing high quality health care for people at risk of social exclusion? What are the interdependencies between poverty, social exclusion and problems of accessing health care? What policies have EU Member States put in place to improve access and quality of health care for vulnerable groups of the population? The study is based on eight country reports: Finland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom. This was complemented with findings from the literature and European comparisons… Ensuring equitable access to high-quality healthcare constitutes a key challenge for health systems throughout Europe. Despite differences in health system size, structure and financing, evidence suggests that across Europe particular sections of the population are disproportionately affected by barriers to accessing healthcare. Studies have also shown that difficulties in accessing healthcare are compounded by poverty and social exclusion, and that poverty and social exclusion compound difficulties in accessing healthcare." Summary.

• Social cohesion for mental well-being among adolescents
  The WHO/HBSC Forum 2007 process engaged intersectoral policy-makers, researchers and programme managers from 17 Member States in considering the following issues: translating research into policies and action; intersectoral action; addressing health inequities; and involving young people. The Forum process also included the preparation of background papers on: cross-national HBSC data on mental well-being in school-aged children in Europe; socioeconomic inequalities in mental health among adolescents in Europe; and economic aspects of mental health in children and adolescents. National and subnational case studies were a core component of the WHO/HBSC Forum 2007 process. The aim of the case studies is not to record best practices, but to document experiences in relation to enabling and restraining factors in building social cohesion for mental well-being among adolescents

• Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries
  "Background: Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe. Methods: We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies. Deaths were classified according to cause, including common causes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer; causes related to smoking; causes related to alcohol use; and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension. Data on self-assessed health, smoking, and obesity according to education and income were obtained from health or multipurpose surveys. For each country, the association between socioeconomic status and health outcomes was measured with the use of regression-based inequality indexes. Results: In almost all countries, the rates of death and poorer self-assessments of health were substantially higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others. Inequalities in mortality were small in some southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention. The magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health also varied substantially among countries, but in a different pattern. Conclusions: We observed variation across Europe in the magnitude of inequalities in health associated with socioeconomic status. These inequalities might be reduced by improving educational opportunities, income distribution, health-related behavior, or access to health care…".

• Sustainable development - Public health
  "This article provides an overview of statistical data on sustainable development in the area of public health. They are based on the set of sustainable development indicators the European Union (EU) agreed upon for monitoring its sustainable development strategy. Together with similar indicators for other areas, they make up the report 'Sustainable development in the European Union - 2009 monitoring report of the EU sustainable development strategy', which Eurostat draws up every two years to provide an objective statistical picture of progress towards the goals and objectives set by the EU sustainable development strategy and which underpins the European Commission’s report on its implementation." [European Commission: Eurostat – Data from 2009]

• UNDP - Regional Bureau for Europe and the CIS
  "UNDP assists a remarkably diverse region that stretches from the heart of Europe to the Silk Road. These countries face a range of human development concerns, and UNDP is uniquely placed to support government, civil society and private-sector partners to meet the challenges."

• Women in Europe for a Common Future
  "Stands for a network of woman and women's-organisations who participate in projects on health, environment and sustainability. WECF was established in 1992, during the UNCED Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro"

• Health Inequalities: A Challenge for Europe
  "The primary aim of this independent report, which was commissioned by the UK Presidency of the EU, is to review national-level policies and strategies - that either have been or are in the process of being developed to tackle health inequalities - and to reflect on the challenges that lie ahead. In doing so, it primarily focuses on socio-economic inequalities in health."

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List of Individual Countries

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Albania
Andorra
Austria

B
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria

C
Croatia
Czech Republic

D
Denmark

E
Estonia

F
Finland
France

G
Germany
Greece

H
Hungary

I
Iceland
Ireland
Italy

L
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg

M
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco

N
Netherlands
Norway

P
Poland
Portugal

R
Romania
Russia

S
San Marino
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland

U
Ukraine
United Kingdom

V
Vatican City

If you find a broken link or wish to suggest a new resource, please email us. Thanks for your kind support.

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Invitation

Coverage of all countries is a difficult task, and we need help. We have done our best to list relevant resources for each country, but we are aware that this is not enough to keep the Library updated.

Therefore, we would like to invite you to join us. If you feel you are the person to take care of a country, or countries or even regions, please let us know, and we will hand over the task of maintaining the respective section of the WWW Virtual Library: Public Health to you.

Please send an e-mail to us at: vph@unsw.edu.au and we are happy to discuss with you our cooperation.

Thanks for your kind consideration.

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